RULAC Map – Combined

Russia is involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Syria, an international armed conflict with Ukraine and a series of military occupations, namely the occupation of Crimea, the occupations of South Ossetia and Abkhazia in Georgia, and the occupation of the Transdniestria in Moldova.

In 2020, India and China have been involved in an international armed conflict over the control of two main regions, namely Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, and a number of smaller regions along the Sino-Indian border.

The Government of the Philippines is involved in multiple non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) in Mindanao against at least the Moro National Liberation Front, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters, the Maute Group and the Abu Sayyaf Group. The Philippines armed forces are also engaged in a NIAC against the New People’s Army.

Australia is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria.

Myanmar is involved in a series of non-international armed conflict on its territory against a number of Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs).

India is involved in a non-international armed conflict on its territory with the Naxalites. The tensions with Pakistan over the status of Kashmir regularly cause armed clashes leading to an international armed conflict. Furthermore, clashes between India and China amounted to an international armed conflict in 2020.

Afghanistan has been affected conflicts for decades. Supported by the United States, the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) had fought against the Taliban and the Khorasan province branch of the Islamic State group (IS-KP). In August 2021, following the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan, the Taliban have rapidly taken control of most of the country, Kabul included, and became the de facto government of Afghanistan. Accordingly, currently in the country there is one single NIAC opposing the Taliban government and the IS-KP.

The United Arab Emirates is involved in the non-international armed conflict against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria. The United Arab Emirates are also involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen.

Bahrain is a member of the Saudi-led coalition that intervenes on the side of the Yemeni government in the non-international armed conflict against the Houthis.

Saudi Arabia is involved in the non-international armed conflict against the Islamic State group as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria. Leading the international coalition against Houthi rebels in support of the Yemeni government, Saudi Arabia is also involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen.

Yemen is currently involved in non-international armed conflicts with Houthi rebels and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula on its territory.

Kuwait is a member of the Saudi-led coalition that intervenes on the side of the Yemeni government in the non-international armed conflict against the Houthis.

Iraq is involved in a non-international armed conflict against against the Islamic State group in its own territory since January 2014. Iraq is also involved in an international armed conflict with Turkey due to the latter’s use of force against Kurdish militants in northern Iraq without the consent of Iraq.

Jordan is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria and the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen.

The territory of the state of Palestine continues to be occupied by Israel.

Israel is occupying the Golan Heights, Shebaa Farms and the Palestinian territories. In addition, the non-international armed conflicts in Syria have spilled over into the Golan Heights, leading to a series of short-lived international armed conflicts.

Part of Lebanese territory, the Shebaa Farms, is occupied by Israel. In addition, the non-international armed conflicts in Syria have spilled over into Lebanese territory.

Syria is currently engaged in a series of armed conflicts. First, the Syrian government is engaged in several non-international armed conflicts against a wide array of rebel groups. Second, there is arguably an international armed conflict between Syria and members of the US-led international coalition and Turkey. There is arguably a military occupation of parts of northern Syria by Turkey. Finally, part of Syrian territory, the Golan Heights, is occupied by Israel.

Egypt is involved in a non-international armed conflict against Wilayat Sinai, an armed non-State actor that has pledged loyalty to the Islamic State group. Furthermore, it is involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen as part of the Saudi-led coalition and is involved in the non-international armed conflict on its territory.

Since 1974, Turkey has occupied the northern part of Cyprus.

Armenia occupies part of Azerbaijan’s territory, the Nagorno-Karabakh region.

Part of Azerbaijani territory, the Nagorno-Karabakh region, is occupied by Armenia.

Since 2008, the Georgian territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia have been occupied by Russia.

Parts of Ukrainian territory, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, are occupied by Russia. Since spring 2014, Ukraine has been involved in non-international armed conflicts on its territory against the self-proclaimed ‘People’s Republics’ of Donetsk and Luhansk’.

Turkey is involved in a non-international armed conflict on its territory against the Kurdistan Worker’s Party. The conflict extends into Iraq, hence Turkey is also involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Iraq and an international armed conflict with Iraq. Turkey is also a party to the non-international and international armed conflicts in Syria and occupies part of northern Syria.

Part of Moldovan territory is occupied by Russia. The Russian occupation extends over a strip of land on the east bank of Moldova’s Dniester River, known as Transdniestria.

Germany is involved in the non-international armed conflict against the Islamic State group by providing military support to the coalition airstrikes in Iraq.

The Netherlands is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group in Iraq and Syria by undertaking airstrikes as part of the international coalition led by the United States. The Netherlands is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria.

Belgium is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria.

France

France is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria.

The United Kingdom is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria.

Morocco is involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen as part of the coalition led by Saudi Arabia. Morocco is also occupying Western Sahara.

Since 2014, Libya has been involved in non-international armed conflicts against a wide array of rebel groups on its territory.

The Senegalese armed forces are involved in a decades-old non-international armed conflict with the Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de la Casamance (MFDC) principally the MFDC-Front Sud and some splinter factions.

Nigeria is involved in two parallel non-international armed conflicts against the non-state armed groups Boko Haram and the Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP).

Cameroon is engaging in a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) against Boko Haram in the Far North. In the Northwest and Southwest regions, a number of Anglophone separatist groups are fighting against the government for the independence of the region. Nevertheless, the violence does not amount to a NIAC.

Central African Republic is involved in a series of non-international armed conflicts on its territory against several armed groups.

Sudan is involved in non-international armed conflicts on its territory. As a member of the Saudi-led coalition that supports the Yemen government, Sudan is also a party to the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen.

Ethiopia continues to occupy part of Eritrean territory. In addition, Ethiopia is involved in the non-international armed conflict against al-Shabaab in Somalia.

Somalia is involved in the non-international armed conflict on its territory against Islamist insurgent groups, most prominently al-Shabaab.

Since December 2013, South Sudan is involved in non-international armed conflicts on its territory against South Sudan dissident armed forces.

Kenya is involved in the non-international armed conflict against al-Shabaab in Somalia

Mozambique is party to parallel non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) against respectively splinter groups of RENAMO and the so-called group Al-Shabab.

Colombia has experienced one of the longest non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) in modern times. Notably, the Government of Colombia is still involved in parallel NIACs against the Ejército de Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Army) (ELN) and the FARC-EP dissident group (Bloque Oriental (Eastern Bloc)). Furthermore, there is an ongoing NIAC between ELN and the Gaitanista Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AGC).

The United States is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria. Due to the lack of consent of the Syrian government, the United States is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria. Finally, the United States is also undertaking strikes against Islamist militants in Somalia, Pakistan, Libya and Yemen.

Canada is involved in the non-international armed conflict against the Islamic State group by providing military support to the coalition airstrikes in Iraq.

Morocco has occupied Western Sahara since October 1975.

Before the start of hostilities on 27 September 2020, Armenia was occupying the Nagorno-Karabakh region and seven surrounding districts on the territory of Azerbaijan. The signature of the nine-point ceasefire agreement on 9 November 2020 led to the termination of fighting between warring parties and also changed the existing territorial status quo. Under the deal, Azerbaijan regains control of all seven surrounding districts and the parts of Nagorno-Karabakh itself. Only the core of Nagorno-Karabakh region remains under the control of the Armenia-backed separatists. The Russian peacekeepers are deployed along the line of contact in Nagorno-Karabakh and along the Lachin Corridor; they are deployed ‘concurrently with the withdrawal of the Armenian troops’.

Turkey has been occupying parts of northern Syria since its armed incursion in August 2016.

Russia is occupying the regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia in Georgia. Separatist movements are active in South Ossetia and Abkhazia.

Russia occupies part of Moldovan territory. The Russian occupation extends over a strip of land on the east bank of Moldova’s Dniester River, known as Transdniestria.

Since March 2014, Crimea has been occupied by Russia.

Since the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel has occupied the Shebaa Farms, also referred to as Shab’a Farms, which was under the control of Lebanon.

Since June 1967, Israel has occupied the Golan Heights, over which Syria is recognized as sovereign.

Israel is occupying the territory of Palestine. Israel is internationally recognized as the occupying power in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip.

Turkey has occupied the northern part of Cyprus since July 1974.

Approximately 1,000 km of Eritrean territory, in and around the town of Badme, is currently occupied by Ethiopia.

Due to the ongoing airstrikes by Turkey against PKK targets in northern Iraq without the consent of the Iraqi government, there is an international armed conflict between Turkey and Iraq.

Syria is currently involved in multiple, parallel international armed conflicts (IACs) against the so-called ‘Global Coalition’ (led by the United States), Turkey, and Israel. It is worth recalling that Turkey is occupying parts of the northern territory of Syria, while Israel has been occupying the Golan Heights since 1967.

Since July 2014 there has been an international armed conflict between Ukraine and Russia, in parallel to the ongoing non-international armed conflict in Ukraine. Furthermore, Russia is occupying Crimea.

India and Pakistan are involved in an international armed conflict over the status of Kashmir.

India and China are involved in an international armed conflict over the control of two main regions, namely Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, and a number of smaller regions along the Sino-Indian border.

There are currently multiple parallel and overlapping non-international armed conflicts taking place in Yemen, most notably between the government and the Houthis; the government and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula; as well as between a number of armed groups. The government is supported by an international coalition led by Saudi Arabia and the United States.

The Egyptian Government is involved in a non-international armed conflict against Wilayat Sinai, an armed non-State actor that has pledged loyalty to the Islamic State group. Furthermore, Israel has conducted air strikes against Wilayat Sinai in Egypt with the consent of the Egyptian Government.

After the demise of the Qaddafi regime in 2011, Libya has been in a state of constant political unrest and related armed violence. The existence of competing governments, and seemingly ever-changing cast of different armed groups- which often switch alliances and seem to operate autonomously- exacerbated the situation and resulted in general uncertainty. Since 2014, there are overlapping ongoing non-international armed conflicts involving the internationally recognized Government of Libya, Libya National Army (LNA), various armed groups and intervening foreign powers.

Mali is engaging in parallel non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) against various Islamist insurgent groups, most notably Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) and the Islamic State in the Great Sahara (ISGS). The Government of Mali is supported by France, by a peacekeeping mission, the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), and by the Joint Force of the G5 Sahel (FC-G5S).

The Senegalese government is engaged in a non-international armed conflict in Casamance, the southwestern limb of Senegal, with the Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de la Casamance (MFDC), a non-state armed group.

Burkina Faso is party to parallel non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) against a number of jihadist groups, notably Ansaroul Islam, the Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP), the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS), and the Group for the Support of Islam and Muslims (JNIM).

Nigeria is involved in two parallel non-international armed conflicts against the non-state armed groups Boko Haram and the Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP). Since 2014, the Multinational Joint Task Force – which includes troops from Cameroon, Chad, Niger, Benin, and Nigeria – has intervened in the conflict in support of the Nigerian Government, thus leaving unchanged the qualification of the situation as non-international.

Cameroon is engaging in a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) against Boko Haram in the Far North. In the Northwest and Southwest regions, a number of Anglophone separatist groups are fighting against the government for the independence of the region. Nevertheless, the violence does not amount to a NIAC.

Central African Republic is involved in a number of non-international armed conflicts against a wide array of rebel groups, in particualr ex-Séléka and anti-Balaka groups. The government is supported by United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Mission (MINUSCA) and previously by France in its efforts to bring peace and stability throughout the country. There are also parallel non-international armed conflicts between different armed groups.

Since December 2013, South Sudan and its armed forces have been involved in non-international armed conflicts with dissident South Sudan armed forces.

Since November 2020, a non-international armed conflict has been taking place between the Ethiopian armed forces and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) in Northern Ethiopia.

The Government of Sudan is involved in separate non-international armed conflicts against a number of non-state armed groups, notably the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army–Abdel Wahid in Darfur, and at least two factions of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army–North (SPLM-North).

The Somali government is engaged in a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) in its territory against al-Shabaab, which has pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda. Furthermore, fighting between the Islamic State in Somalia (ISS) and al-Shabab amounts to a NIAC. The African Union Mission in Somalia’s forces, as well as the United States of America and Ethiopia, are providing support to the Somali government and are therefore party to the conflict against al-Shabab.

The Democratic Republic of Congo is engaged in several non-international armed conflicts on its territory against a number of non-state armed groups, most notably the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), the Mai-Mai Yakutumba, the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), and the Cooperative for Development of the Congo (CODECO). A United Nations peacekeeping operation, the UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), is supporting the Congolese armed forces (FARDC).

Mozambique is party to parallel non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) against respectively splinter groups of RENAMO, such as the RENAMO Military Junta, and the so-called group Al-Shabab.

Supported by the international coalition led by the United States, Kurdish Peshmerga forces, and various militia groups, the Iraqi government is involved in a non-international armed conflict against the Islamic State group and associated groups. In addition, the non-international armed conflict between Turkey and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party in Turkey extends into northern Iraq.

There are multiple and overlapping non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) occurring in Syria. The Syrian Government and its allies are involved in NIACs against several rebel groups (including the Syrian National Army, Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham, the Islamic State group, the Syrian Democratic Forces and other smaller armed rebels). There are also parallel NIACs between those armed groups operating in the territory. Finally, multiple NIACs are taking place between foreign state forces and armed groups in the territory: two parallel NIACs between the US-led coalition on the one hand, and the Islamic State and Al-Qaeda on the other hand; two NIACs between Turkey and respectively the Islamic State and Kurdish militia and, finally, a NIAC between Israel and Hezbollah.

Currently there is a non-international armed conflict in Turkey between the Turkish armed and security forces and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), which had lasted with some interruption from the 1980s until 2013 resumed in July 2015.

Ukrainian armed forces are involved in non-international armed conflicts with the self-proclaimed ‘People’s Republics’ of Donetsk and Luhansk in eastern Ukraine.

Afghanistan has been affected by conflicts for decades. Supported by the United States, the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) had fought against the Taliban and the Khorasan province branch of the Islamic State group (IS-KP). In August 2021, following the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan, the Taliban have rapidly taken control of most of the country, Kabul included, and became the effective government of Afghanistan. Accordingly, currently the Taliban government is engaging in two parallel NIACs: one against the National Resistance Front (loyal to the former government) and the other against the IS-KP.

India is involved in a non-international armed conflict against the Communist Party of India – Maoist (this group is also frequently referred to as the Naxalites).

There are currently multiple non-international armed conflicts in Myanmar between the Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) and several Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs).

The Government of the Philippines is involved in multiple non-international armed conflicts in Mindanao against the Moro National Liberation Front and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters, the Maute Group and the Abu Sayyaf Group. Furthermore, the Philippine Armed Forces are engaged in a non-international armed conflict against the New People’s Army.

The Government of Thailand was involved in a non-international armed conflict against the Barisan Revolusi Nasional Coordinate (BRN).

The Government of Mexico is involved in two parallel non-international armed conflicts against at least the Cartel Jalisco Nueva Generación (CJNG, Jalisco Cartel New Generation) and the Sinaloa Cartel. Furthermore, violence between the Sinaloa Cartel and the CJNG amounts to a non-international armed conflict.

Colombia has experienced one of the longest non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) in modern times. Notably, the Government of Colombia is still involved in parallel NIACs against the Ejército de Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Army) (ELN) and the FARC-EP dissident group (Bloque Oriental (Eastern Bloc)). Furthermore, there is an ongoing NIAC between ELN and the Gaitanista Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AGC).

• Training of Military Personnel on the Protection of Cultural Heritage

• Demobilization of Child Soldiers
• Agreements Accounting for Missing Persons and the Dead

• Demining Action
• Treatment of the Dead

• Medical Treatment for Wounded Combatants
• Identification of Human Remains

• Demobilization of Child Soldiers

• Release of Prisoners

• IHL Training for Organized Armed Groups and Malian Armed Forces
• France’s Operation Serval, Minimizing Civilian Casualties

• Assistance to IDPs

• Treatment and Release of Detainees

• Prohibiting the Use of Child Soldiers

• Towards Demobilizations Release and Repatriation
• Release of Child Soldiers

• Ending and Preventing the Use of Child Soldiers
• Release of Prisoners of War

• ICRC Visits to Detainees
• Humanitarian Assistance Delivered in South Libya
• IHL Dissemination amongst Non-State Armed Groups
• Canada’s Operation Mobile and the Principles of Proportionality and Precautions in Attack
• Protection of Cultural Heritage
• Removing Mines and Securing Explosive Remnants of War
• A Step Forward on the Identification of Dead Bodies and Missing Persons

• Neutralization and Removal of Landmines
• Release of Detainees by Non-State Armed Groups
• Release of Child Soldiers

• Release and Demobilization of Child Soldiers
• Commitment of Non-State Armed Groups against Anti-Personnel Landmines and South Sudan’s Ratification of the Ottawa Convention
• Humanitarian Relief and Assistance

• Repatriation of Prisoners of War

• AMISOM Takes Steps to Enhance Protection for Civilians
• AMISOM’s Indirect Fire Policy
• Training in International Humanitarian Law

• Exchange Agreement and Release of Detainees

• Clarifying the Fate of Missing Persons
• Demining Activities

• Identification of Missing Persons
• IHL Dissemination and the Role of Legal Advisors

• Repatriation of Cultural Property

• Training the Military and Civilians on the Rules of Armed Conflicts

• Repatriation of Artifacts

• Cooperation in the Search for and Repatriation of Mortal Remains after the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)
• Peshmerga Forces’ First Code of Conduct
• IHL Training involving Kurdish Armed Groups
• Availability of Legal Advisors
• Reform in Iraqi Detention Facilities Leads to Family Visitation to Detainees in Camp Bucca
• Computer Modelling in Collateral Damage Estimates and Choice of Weapons

• Medical Treatment and Care of Wounded Soldiers during the Persian Gulf War
• Clarifying the Fate of Missing Persons

• Cooperation in the Search for and Repatriation of Mortal Remains after the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

• Implementation of a Civilian Casualty Tracking Cell
• Tactical Directive on the Employment of Force

• IHL Dissemination in Schools

• Child Soldiers Discharged from Military Service
• Government Releases Rebels from Detention
• Supreme Court Rulings on Enforced Disappearances
• Government Releases Rebels from Detention

• Government Campaign to Address Landmines

• Release of Child Soldiers
• Treatment and Release of Detainees
• Commitment of Non-State Armed Groups against Anti-Personnel Landmines

• Evacuation of the Wounded and Sick
• Demining Action

Russia is involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Syria, an international armed conflict with Ukraine and a series of military occupations, namely the occupation of Crimea, the occupations of South Ossetia and Abkhazia in Georgia, and the occupation of the Transdniestria in Moldova.

In 2020, India and China have been involved in an international armed conflict over the control of two main regions, namely Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, and a number of smaller regions along the Sino-Indian border.

The Government of the Philippines is involved in multiple non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) in Mindanao against at least the Moro National Liberation Front, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters, the Maute Group and the Abu Sayyaf Group. The Philippines armed forces are also engaged in a NIAC against the New People’s Army.

Australia is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria.

Myanmar is involved in a series of non-international armed conflict on its territory against a number of Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs).

India is involved in a non-international armed conflict on its territory with the Naxalites. The tensions with Pakistan over the status of Kashmir regularly cause armed clashes leading to an international armed conflict. Furthermore, clashes between India and China amounted to an international armed conflict in 2020.

Afghanistan has been affected conflicts for decades. Supported by the United States, the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) had fought against the Taliban and the Khorasan province branch of the Islamic State group (IS-KP). In August 2021, following the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan, the Taliban have rapidly taken control of most of the country, Kabul included, and became the de facto government of Afghanistan. Accordingly, currently in the country there is one single NIAC opposing the Taliban government and the IS-KP.

The United Arab Emirates is involved in the non-international armed conflict against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria. The United Arab Emirates are also involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen.

Bahrain is a member of the Saudi-led coalition that intervenes on the side of the Yemeni government in the non-international armed conflict against the Houthis.

Saudi Arabia is involved in the non-international armed conflict against the Islamic State group as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria. Leading the international coalition against Houthi rebels in support of the Yemeni government, Saudi Arabia is also involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen.

Yemen is currently involved in non-international armed conflicts with Houthi rebels and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula on its territory.

Kuwait is a member of the Saudi-led coalition that intervenes on the side of the Yemeni government in the non-international armed conflict against the Houthis.

Iraq is involved in a non-international armed conflict against against the Islamic State group in its own territory since January 2014. Iraq is also involved in an international armed conflict with Turkey due to the latter’s use of force against Kurdish militants in northern Iraq without the consent of Iraq.

Jordan is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria and the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen.

The territory of the state of Palestine continues to be occupied by Israel.

Israel is occupying the Golan Heights, Shebaa Farms and the Palestinian territories. In addition, the non-international armed conflicts in Syria have spilled over into the Golan Heights, leading to a series of short-lived international armed conflicts.

Part of Lebanese territory, the Shebaa Farms, is occupied by Israel. In addition, the non-international armed conflicts in Syria have spilled over into Lebanese territory.

Syria is currently engaged in a series of armed conflicts. First, the Syrian government is engaged in several non-international armed conflicts against a wide array of rebel groups. Second, there is arguably an international armed conflict between Syria and members of the US-led international coalition and Turkey. There is arguably a military occupation of parts of northern Syria by Turkey. Finally, part of Syrian territory, the Golan Heights, is occupied by Israel.

Egypt is involved in a non-international armed conflict against Wilayat Sinai, an armed non-State actor that has pledged loyalty to the Islamic State group. Furthermore, it is involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen as part of the Saudi-led coalition and is involved in the non-international armed conflict on its territory.

Since 1974, Turkey has occupied the northern part of Cyprus.

Armenia occupies part of Azerbaijan’s territory, the Nagorno-Karabakh region.

Part of Azerbaijani territory, the Nagorno-Karabakh region, is occupied by Armenia.

Since 2008, the Georgian territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia have been occupied by Russia.

Parts of Ukrainian territory, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, are occupied by Russia. Since spring 2014, Ukraine has been involved in non-international armed conflicts on its territory against the self-proclaimed ‘People’s Republics’ of Donetsk and Luhansk’.

Turkey is involved in a non-international armed conflict on its territory against the Kurdistan Worker’s Party. The conflict extends into Iraq, hence Turkey is also involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Iraq and an international armed conflict with Iraq. Turkey is also a party to the non-international and international armed conflicts in Syria and occupies part of northern Syria.

Part of Moldovan territory is occupied by Russia. The Russian occupation extends over a strip of land on the east bank of Moldova’s Dniester River, known as Transdniestria.

Germany is involved in the non-international armed conflict against the Islamic State group by providing military support to the coalition airstrikes in Iraq.

The Netherlands is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group in Iraq and Syria by undertaking airstrikes as part of the international coalition led by the United States. The Netherlands is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria.

Belgium is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria.

France

France is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria.

The United Kingdom is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria.

Morocco is involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen as part of the coalition led by Saudi Arabia. Morocco is also occupying Western Sahara.

Since 2014, Libya has been involved in non-international armed conflicts against a wide array of rebel groups on its territory.

The Senegalese armed forces are involved in a decades-old non-international armed conflict with the Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de la Casamance (MFDC) principally the MFDC-Front Sud and some splinter factions.

Nigeria is involved in two parallel non-international armed conflicts against the non-state armed groups Boko Haram and the Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP).

Cameroon is engaging in a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) against Boko Haram in the Far North. In the Northwest and Southwest regions, a number of Anglophone separatist groups are fighting against the government for the independence of the region. Nevertheless, the violence does not amount to a NIAC.

Central African Republic is involved in a series of non-international armed conflicts on its territory against several armed groups.

Sudan is involved in non-international armed conflicts on its territory. As a member of the Saudi-led coalition that supports the Yemen government, Sudan is also a party to the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen.

Ethiopia continues to occupy part of Eritrean territory. In addition, Ethiopia is involved in the non-international armed conflict against al-Shabaab in Somalia.

Somalia is involved in the non-international armed conflict on its territory against Islamist insurgent groups, most prominently al-Shabaab.

Since December 2013, South Sudan is involved in non-international armed conflicts on its territory against South Sudan dissident armed forces.

Kenya is involved in the non-international armed conflict against al-Shabaab in Somalia

Mozambique is party to parallel non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) against respectively splinter groups of RENAMO and the so-called group Al-Shabab.

Colombia has experienced one of the longest non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) in modern times. Notably, the Government of Colombia is still involved in parallel NIACs against the Ejército de Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Army) (ELN) and the FARC-EP dissident group (Bloque Oriental (Eastern Bloc)). Furthermore, there is an ongoing NIAC between ELN and the Gaitanista Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AGC).

The United States is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria. Due to the lack of consent of the Syrian government, the United States is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria. Finally, the United States is also undertaking strikes against Islamist militants in Somalia, Pakistan, Libya and Yemen.

Canada is involved in the non-international armed conflict against the Islamic State group by providing military support to the coalition airstrikes in Iraq.

Morocco has occupied Western Sahara since October 1975.

Before the start of hostilities on 27 September 2020, Armenia was occupying the Nagorno-Karabakh region and seven surrounding districts on the territory of Azerbaijan. The signature of the nine-point ceasefire agreement on 9 November 2020 led to the termination of fighting between warring parties and also changed the existing territorial status quo. Under the deal, Azerbaijan regains control of all seven surrounding districts and the parts of Nagorno-Karabakh itself. Only the core of Nagorno-Karabakh region remains under the control of the Armenia-backed separatists. The Russian peacekeepers are deployed along the line of contact in Nagorno-Karabakh and along the Lachin Corridor; they are deployed ‘concurrently with the withdrawal of the Armenian troops’.

Turkey has been occupying parts of northern Syria since its armed incursion in August 2016.

Russia is occupying the regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia in Georgia. Separatist movements are active in South Ossetia and Abkhazia.

Russia occupies part of Moldovan territory. The Russian occupation extends over a strip of land on the east bank of Moldova’s Dniester River, known as Transdniestria.

Since March 2014, Crimea has been occupied by Russia.

Since the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel has occupied the Shebaa Farms, also referred to as Shab’a Farms, which was under the control of Lebanon.

Since June 1967, Israel has occupied the Golan Heights, over which Syria is recognized as sovereign.

Israel is occupying the territory of Palestine. Israel is internationally recognized as the occupying power in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip.

Turkey has occupied the northern part of Cyprus since July 1974.

Approximately 1,000 km of Eritrean territory, in and around the town of Badme, is currently occupied by Ethiopia.

Due to the ongoing airstrikes by Turkey against PKK targets in northern Iraq without the consent of the Iraqi government, there is an international armed conflict between Turkey and Iraq.

Syria is currently involved in multiple, parallel international armed conflicts (IACs) against the so-called ‘Global Coalition’ (led by the United States), Turkey, and Israel. It is worth recalling that Turkey is occupying parts of the northern territory of Syria, while Israel has been occupying the Golan Heights since 1967.

Since July 2014 there has been an international armed conflict between Ukraine and Russia, in parallel to the ongoing non-international armed conflict in Ukraine. Furthermore, Russia is occupying Crimea.

India and Pakistan are involved in an international armed conflict over the status of Kashmir.

India and China are involved in an international armed conflict over the control of two main regions, namely Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, and a number of smaller regions along the Sino-Indian border.

There are currently multiple parallel and overlapping non-international armed conflicts taking place in Yemen, most notably between the government and the Houthis; the government and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula; as well as between a number of armed groups. The government is supported by an international coalition led by Saudi Arabia and the United States.

The Egyptian Government is involved in a non-international armed conflict against Wilayat Sinai, an armed non-State actor that has pledged loyalty to the Islamic State group. Furthermore, Israel has conducted air strikes against Wilayat Sinai in Egypt with the consent of the Egyptian Government.

After the demise of the Qaddafi regime in 2011, Libya has been in a state of constant political unrest and related armed violence. The existence of competing governments, and seemingly ever-changing cast of different armed groups- which often switch alliances and seem to operate autonomously- exacerbated the situation and resulted in general uncertainty. Since 2014, there are overlapping ongoing non-international armed conflicts involving the internationally recognized Government of Libya, Libya National Army (LNA), various armed groups and intervening foreign powers.

Mali is engaging in parallel non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) against various Islamist insurgent groups, most notably Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) and the Islamic State in the Great Sahara (ISGS). The Government of Mali is supported by France, by a peacekeeping mission, the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), and by the Joint Force of the G5 Sahel (FC-G5S).

The Senegalese government is engaged in a non-international armed conflict in Casamance, the southwestern limb of Senegal, with the Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de la Casamance (MFDC), a non-state armed group.

Burkina Faso is party to parallel non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) against a number of jihadist groups, notably Ansaroul Islam, the Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP), the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS), and the Group for the Support of Islam and Muslims (JNIM).

Nigeria is involved in two parallel non-international armed conflicts against the non-state armed groups Boko Haram and the Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP). Since 2014, the Multinational Joint Task Force – which includes troops from Cameroon, Chad, Niger, Benin, and Nigeria – has intervened in the conflict in support of the Nigerian Government, thus leaving unchanged the qualification of the situation as non-international.

Cameroon is engaging in a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) against Boko Haram in the Far North. In the Northwest and Southwest regions, a number of Anglophone separatist groups are fighting against the government for the independence of the region. Nevertheless, the violence does not amount to a NIAC.

Central African Republic is involved in a number of non-international armed conflicts against a wide array of rebel groups, in particualr ex-Séléka and anti-Balaka groups. The government is supported by United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Mission (MINUSCA) and previously by France in its efforts to bring peace and stability throughout the country. There are also parallel non-international armed conflicts between different armed groups.

Since December 2013, South Sudan and its armed forces have been involved in non-international armed conflicts with dissident South Sudan armed forces.

Since November 2020, a non-international armed conflict has been taking place between the Ethiopian armed forces and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) in Northern Ethiopia.

The Government of Sudan is involved in separate non-international armed conflicts against a number of non-state armed groups, notably the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army–Abdel Wahid in Darfur, and at least two factions of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army–North (SPLM-North).

The Somali government is engaged in a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) in its territory against al-Shabaab, which has pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda. Furthermore, fighting between the Islamic State in Somalia (ISS) and al-Shabab amounts to a NIAC. The African Union Mission in Somalia’s forces, as well as the United States of America and Ethiopia, are providing support to the Somali government and are therefore party to the conflict against al-Shabab.

The Democratic Republic of Congo is engaged in several non-international armed conflicts on its territory against a number of non-state armed groups, most notably the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), the Mai-Mai Yakutumba, the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), and the Cooperative for Development of the Congo (CODECO). A United Nations peacekeeping operation, the UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), is supporting the Congolese armed forces (FARDC).

Mozambique is party to parallel non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) against respectively splinter groups of RENAMO, such as the RENAMO Military Junta, and the so-called group Al-Shabab.

Supported by the international coalition led by the United States, Kurdish Peshmerga forces, and various militia groups, the Iraqi government is involved in a non-international armed conflict against the Islamic State group and associated groups. In addition, the non-international armed conflict between Turkey and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party in Turkey extends into northern Iraq.

There are multiple and overlapping non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) occurring in Syria. The Syrian Government and its allies are involved in NIACs against several rebel groups (including the Syrian National Army, Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham, the Islamic State group, the Syrian Democratic Forces and other smaller armed rebels). There are also parallel NIACs between those armed groups operating in the territory. Finally, multiple NIACs are taking place between foreign state forces and armed groups in the territory: two parallel NIACs between the US-led coalition on the one hand, and the Islamic State and Al-Qaeda on the other hand; two NIACs between Turkey and respectively the Islamic State and Kurdish militia and, finally, a NIAC between Israel and Hezbollah.

Currently there is a non-international armed conflict in Turkey between the Turkish armed and security forces and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), which had lasted with some interruption from the 1980s until 2013 resumed in July 2015.

Ukrainian armed forces are involved in non-international armed conflicts with the self-proclaimed ‘People’s Republics’ of Donetsk and Luhansk in eastern Ukraine.

Afghanistan has been affected by conflicts for decades. Supported by the United States, the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) had fought against the Taliban and the Khorasan province branch of the Islamic State group (IS-KP). In August 2021, following the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan, the Taliban have rapidly taken control of most of the country, Kabul included, and became the effective government of Afghanistan. Accordingly, currently the Taliban government is engaging in two parallel NIACs: one against the National Resistance Front (loyal to the former government) and the other against the IS-KP.

India is involved in a non-international armed conflict against the Communist Party of India – Maoist (this group is also frequently referred to as the Naxalites).

There are currently multiple non-international armed conflicts in Myanmar between the Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) and several Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs).

The Government of the Philippines is involved in multiple non-international armed conflicts in Mindanao against the Moro National Liberation Front and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters, the Maute Group and the Abu Sayyaf Group. Furthermore, the Philippine Armed Forces are engaged in a non-international armed conflict against the New People’s Army.

The Government of Thailand was involved in a non-international armed conflict against the Barisan Revolusi Nasional Coordinate (BRN).

The Government of Mexico is involved in two parallel non-international armed conflicts against at least the Cartel Jalisco Nueva Generación (CJNG, Jalisco Cartel New Generation) and the Sinaloa Cartel. Furthermore, violence between the Sinaloa Cartel and the CJNG amounts to a non-international armed conflict.

Colombia has experienced one of the longest non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) in modern times. Notably, the Government of Colombia is still involved in parallel NIACs against the Ejército de Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Army) (ELN) and the FARC-EP dissident group (Bloque Oriental (Eastern Bloc)). Furthermore, there is an ongoing NIAC between ELN and the Gaitanista Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AGC).

• Training of Military Personnel on the Protection of Cultural Heritage

• Demobilization of Child Soldiers
• Agreements Accounting for Missing Persons and the Dead

• Demining Action
• Treatment of the Dead

• Medical Treatment for Wounded Combatants
• Identification of Human Remains

• Demobilization of Child Soldiers

• Release of Prisoners

• IHL Training for Organized Armed Groups and Malian Armed Forces
• France’s Operation Serval, Minimizing Civilian Casualties

• Assistance to IDPs

• Treatment and Release of Detainees

• Prohibiting the Use of Child Soldiers

• Towards Demobilizations Release and Repatriation
• Release of Child Soldiers

• Ending and Preventing the Use of Child Soldiers
• Release of Prisoners of War

• ICRC Visits to Detainees
• Humanitarian Assistance Delivered in South Libya
• IHL Dissemination amongst Non-State Armed Groups
• Canada’s Operation Mobile and the Principles of Proportionality and Precautions in Attack
• Protection of Cultural Heritage
• Removing Mines and Securing Explosive Remnants of War
• A Step Forward on the Identification of Dead Bodies and Missing Persons

• Neutralization and Removal of Landmines
• Release of Detainees by Non-State Armed Groups
• Release of Child Soldiers

• Release and Demobilization of Child Soldiers
• Commitment of Non-State Armed Groups against Anti-Personnel Landmines and South Sudan’s Ratification of the Ottawa Convention
• Humanitarian Relief and Assistance

• Repatriation of Prisoners of War

• AMISOM Takes Steps to Enhance Protection for Civilians
• AMISOM’s Indirect Fire Policy
• Training in International Humanitarian Law

• Exchange Agreement and Release of Detainees

• Clarifying the Fate of Missing Persons
• Demining Activities

• Identification of Missing Persons
• IHL Dissemination and the Role of Legal Advisors

• Repatriation of Cultural Property

• Training the Military and Civilians on the Rules of Armed Conflicts

• Repatriation of Artifacts

• Cooperation in the Search for and Repatriation of Mortal Remains after the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)
• Peshmerga Forces’ First Code of Conduct
• IHL Training involving Kurdish Armed Groups
• Availability of Legal Advisors
• Reform in Iraqi Detention Facilities Leads to Family Visitation to Detainees in Camp Bucca
• Computer Modelling in Collateral Damage Estimates and Choice of Weapons

• Medical Treatment and Care of Wounded Soldiers during the Persian Gulf War
• Clarifying the Fate of Missing Persons

• Cooperation in the Search for and Repatriation of Mortal Remains after the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

• Implementation of a Civilian Casualty Tracking Cell
• Tactical Directive on the Employment of Force

• IHL Dissemination in Schools

• Child Soldiers Discharged from Military Service
• Government Releases Rebels from Detention
• Supreme Court Rulings on Enforced Disappearances
• Government Releases Rebels from Detention

• Government Campaign to Address Landmines

• Release of Child Soldiers
• Treatment and Release of Detainees
• Commitment of Non-State Armed Groups against Anti-Personnel Landmines

• Evacuation of the Wounded and Sick
• Demining Action

Russia is involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Syria, an international armed conflict with Ukraine and a series of military occupations, namely the occupation of Crimea, the occupations of South Ossetia and Abkhazia in Georgia, and the occupation of the Transdniestria in Moldova.

In 2020, India and China have been involved in an international armed conflict over the control of two main regions, namely Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, and a number of smaller regions along the Sino-Indian border.

The Government of the Philippines is involved in multiple non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) in Mindanao against at least the Moro National Liberation Front, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters, the Maute Group and the Abu Sayyaf Group. The Philippines armed forces are also engaged in a NIAC against the New People’s Army.

Australia is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria.

Myanmar is involved in a series of non-international armed conflict on its territory against a number of Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs).

India is involved in a non-international armed conflict on its territory with the Naxalites. The tensions with Pakistan over the status of Kashmir regularly cause armed clashes leading to an international armed conflict. Furthermore, clashes between India and China amounted to an international armed conflict in 2020.

Afghanistan has been affected conflicts for decades. Supported by the United States, the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) had fought against the Taliban and the Khorasan province branch of the Islamic State group (IS-KP). In August 2021, following the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan, the Taliban have rapidly taken control of most of the country, Kabul included, and became the de facto government of Afghanistan. Accordingly, currently in the country there is one single NIAC opposing the Taliban government and the IS-KP.

The United Arab Emirates is involved in the non-international armed conflict against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria. The United Arab Emirates are also involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen.

Bahrain is a member of the Saudi-led coalition that intervenes on the side of the Yemeni government in the non-international armed conflict against the Houthis.

Saudi Arabia is involved in the non-international armed conflict against the Islamic State group as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria. Leading the international coalition against Houthi rebels in support of the Yemeni government, Saudi Arabia is also involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen.

Yemen is currently involved in non-international armed conflicts with Houthi rebels and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula on its territory.

Kuwait is a member of the Saudi-led coalition that intervenes on the side of the Yemeni government in the non-international armed conflict against the Houthis.

Iraq is involved in a non-international armed conflict against against the Islamic State group in its own territory since January 2014. Iraq is also involved in an international armed conflict with Turkey due to the latter’s use of force against Kurdish militants in northern Iraq without the consent of Iraq.

Jordan is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria and the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen.

The territory of the state of Palestine continues to be occupied by Israel.

Israel is occupying the Golan Heights, Shebaa Farms and the Palestinian territories. In addition, the non-international armed conflicts in Syria have spilled over into the Golan Heights, leading to a series of short-lived international armed conflicts.

Part of Lebanese territory, the Shebaa Farms, is occupied by Israel. In addition, the non-international armed conflicts in Syria have spilled over into Lebanese territory.

Syria is currently engaged in a series of armed conflicts. First, the Syrian government is engaged in several non-international armed conflicts against a wide array of rebel groups. Second, there is arguably an international armed conflict between Syria and members of the US-led international coalition and Turkey. There is arguably a military occupation of parts of northern Syria by Turkey. Finally, part of Syrian territory, the Golan Heights, is occupied by Israel.

Egypt is involved in a non-international armed conflict against Wilayat Sinai, an armed non-State actor that has pledged loyalty to the Islamic State group. Furthermore, it is involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen as part of the Saudi-led coalition and is involved in the non-international armed conflict on its territory.

Since 1974, Turkey has occupied the northern part of Cyprus.

Armenia occupies part of Azerbaijan’s territory, the Nagorno-Karabakh region.

Part of Azerbaijani territory, the Nagorno-Karabakh region, is occupied by Armenia.

Since 2008, the Georgian territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia have been occupied by Russia.

Parts of Ukrainian territory, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, are occupied by Russia. Since spring 2014, Ukraine has been involved in non-international armed conflicts on its territory against the self-proclaimed ‘People’s Republics’ of Donetsk and Luhansk’.

Turkey is involved in a non-international armed conflict on its territory against the Kurdistan Worker’s Party. The conflict extends into Iraq, hence Turkey is also involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Iraq and an international armed conflict with Iraq. Turkey is also a party to the non-international and international armed conflicts in Syria and occupies part of northern Syria.

Part of Moldovan territory is occupied by Russia. The Russian occupation extends over a strip of land on the east bank of Moldova’s Dniester River, known as Transdniestria.

Germany is involved in the non-international armed conflict against the Islamic State group by providing military support to the coalition airstrikes in Iraq.

The Netherlands is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group in Iraq and Syria by undertaking airstrikes as part of the international coalition led by the United States. The Netherlands is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria.

Belgium is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria.

France

France is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria.

The United Kingdom is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria as part of the international coalition led by the United States. It is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria.

Morocco is involved in the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen as part of the coalition led by Saudi Arabia. Morocco is also occupying Western Sahara.

Since 2014, Libya has been involved in non-international armed conflicts against a wide array of rebel groups on its territory.

The Senegalese armed forces are involved in a decades-old non-international armed conflict with the Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de la Casamance (MFDC) principally the MFDC-Front Sud and some splinter factions.

Nigeria is involved in two parallel non-international armed conflicts against the non-state armed groups Boko Haram and the Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP).

Cameroon is engaging in a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) against Boko Haram in the Far North. In the Northwest and Southwest regions, a number of Anglophone separatist groups are fighting against the government for the independence of the region. Nevertheless, the violence does not amount to a NIAC.

Central African Republic is involved in a series of non-international armed conflicts on its territory against several armed groups.

Sudan is involved in non-international armed conflicts on its territory. As a member of the Saudi-led coalition that supports the Yemen government, Sudan is also a party to the non-international armed conflicts in Yemen.

Ethiopia continues to occupy part of Eritrean territory. In addition, Ethiopia is involved in the non-international armed conflict against al-Shabaab in Somalia.

Somalia is involved in the non-international armed conflict on its territory against Islamist insurgent groups, most prominently al-Shabaab.

Since December 2013, South Sudan is involved in non-international armed conflicts on its territory against South Sudan dissident armed forces.

Kenya is involved in the non-international armed conflict against al-Shabaab in Somalia

Mozambique is party to parallel non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) against respectively splinter groups of RENAMO and the so-called group Al-Shabab.

Colombia has experienced one of the longest non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) in modern times. Notably, the Government of Colombia is still involved in parallel NIACs against the Ejército de Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Army) (ELN) and the FARC-EP dissident group (Bloque Oriental (Eastern Bloc)). Furthermore, there is an ongoing NIAC between ELN and the Gaitanista Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AGC).

The United States is involved in the non-international armed conflicts against the Islamic State group by undertaking airstrikes in Iraq and Syria. Due to the lack of consent of the Syrian government, the United States is also involved in the international armed conflict in Syria. Finally, the United States is also undertaking strikes against Islamist militants in Somalia, Pakistan, Libya and Yemen.

Canada is involved in the non-international armed conflict against the Islamic State group by providing military support to the coalition airstrikes in Iraq.

Morocco has occupied Western Sahara since October 1975.

Before the start of hostilities on 27 September 2020, Armenia was occupying the Nagorno-Karabakh region and seven surrounding districts on the territory of Azerbaijan. The signature of the nine-point ceasefire agreement on 9 November 2020 led to the termination of fighting between warring parties and also changed the existing territorial status quo. Under the deal, Azerbaijan regains control of all seven surrounding districts and the parts of Nagorno-Karabakh itself. Only the core of Nagorno-Karabakh region remains under the control of the Armenia-backed separatists. The Russian peacekeepers are deployed along the line of contact in Nagorno-Karabakh and along the Lachin Corridor; they are deployed ‘concurrently with the withdrawal of the Armenian troops’.

Turkey has been occupying parts of northern Syria since its armed incursion in August 2016.

Russia is occupying the regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia in Georgia. Separatist movements are active in South Ossetia and Abkhazia.

Russia occupies part of Moldovan territory. The Russian occupation extends over a strip of land on the east bank of Moldova’s Dniester River, known as Transdniestria.

Since March 2014, Crimea has been occupied by Russia.

Since the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel has occupied the Shebaa Farms, also referred to as Shab’a Farms, which was under the control of Lebanon.

Since June 1967, Israel has occupied the Golan Heights, over which Syria is recognized as sovereign.

Israel is occupying the territory of Palestine. Israel is internationally recognized as the occupying power in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip.

Turkey has occupied the northern part of Cyprus since July 1974.

Approximately 1,000 km of Eritrean territory, in and around the town of Badme, is currently occupied by Ethiopia.

Due to the ongoing airstrikes by Turkey against PKK targets in northern Iraq without the consent of the Iraqi government, there is an international armed conflict between Turkey and Iraq.

Syria is currently involved in multiple, parallel international armed conflicts (IACs) against the so-called ‘Global Coalition’ (led by the United States), Turkey, and Israel. It is worth recalling that Turkey is occupying parts of the northern territory of Syria, while Israel has been occupying the Golan Heights since 1967.

Since July 2014 there has been an international armed conflict between Ukraine and Russia, in parallel to the ongoing non-international armed conflict in Ukraine. Furthermore, Russia is occupying Crimea.

India and Pakistan are involved in an international armed conflict over the status of Kashmir.

India and China are involved in an international armed conflict over the control of two main regions, namely Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, and a number of smaller regions along the Sino-Indian border.

There are currently multiple parallel and overlapping non-international armed conflicts taking place in Yemen, most notably between the government and the Houthis; the government and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula; as well as between a number of armed groups. The government is supported by an international coalition led by Saudi Arabia and the United States.

The Egyptian Government is involved in a non-international armed conflict against Wilayat Sinai, an armed non-State actor that has pledged loyalty to the Islamic State group. Furthermore, Israel has conducted air strikes against Wilayat Sinai in Egypt with the consent of the Egyptian Government.

After the demise of the Qaddafi regime in 2011, Libya has been in a state of constant political unrest and related armed violence. The existence of competing governments, and seemingly ever-changing cast of different armed groups- which often switch alliances and seem to operate autonomously- exacerbated the situation and resulted in general uncertainty. Since 2014, there are overlapping ongoing non-international armed conflicts involving the internationally recognized Government of Libya, Libya National Army (LNA), various armed groups and intervening foreign powers.

Mali is engaging in parallel non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) against various Islamist insurgent groups, most notably Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) and the Islamic State in the Great Sahara (ISGS). The Government of Mali is supported by France, by a peacekeeping mission, the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), and by the Joint Force of the G5 Sahel (FC-G5S).

The Senegalese government is engaged in a non-international armed conflict in Casamance, the southwestern limb of Senegal, with the Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de la Casamance (MFDC), a non-state armed group.

Burkina Faso is party to parallel non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) against a number of jihadist groups, notably Ansaroul Islam, the Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP), the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS), and the Group for the Support of Islam and Muslims (JNIM).

Nigeria is involved in two parallel non-international armed conflicts against the non-state armed groups Boko Haram and the Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP). Since 2014, the Multinational Joint Task Force – which includes troops from Cameroon, Chad, Niger, Benin, and Nigeria – has intervened in the conflict in support of the Nigerian Government, thus leaving unchanged the qualification of the situation as non-international.

Cameroon is engaging in a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) against Boko Haram in the Far North. In the Northwest and Southwest regions, a number of Anglophone separatist groups are fighting against the government for the independence of the region. Nevertheless, the violence does not amount to a NIAC.

Central African Republic is involved in a number of non-international armed conflicts against a wide array of rebel groups, in particualr ex-Séléka and anti-Balaka groups. The government is supported by United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Mission (MINUSCA) and previously by France in its efforts to bring peace and stability throughout the country. There are also parallel non-international armed conflicts between different armed groups.

Since December 2013, South Sudan and its armed forces have been involved in non-international armed conflicts with dissident South Sudan armed forces.

Since November 2020, a non-international armed conflict has been taking place between the Ethiopian armed forces and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) in Northern Ethiopia.

The Government of Sudan is involved in separate non-international armed conflicts against a number of non-state armed groups, notably the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army–Abdel Wahid in Darfur, and at least two factions of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army–North (SPLM-North).

The Somali government is engaged in a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) in its territory against al-Shabaab, which has pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda. Furthermore, fighting between the Islamic State in Somalia (ISS) and al-Shabab amounts to a NIAC. The African Union Mission in Somalia’s forces, as well as the United States of America and Ethiopia, are providing support to the Somali government and are therefore party to the conflict against al-Shabab.

The Democratic Republic of Congo is engaged in several non-international armed conflicts on its territory against a number of non-state armed groups, most notably the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), the Mai-Mai Yakutumba, the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), and the Cooperative for Development of the Congo (CODECO). A United Nations peacekeeping operation, the UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), is supporting the Congolese armed forces (FARDC).

Mozambique is party to parallel non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) against respectively splinter groups of RENAMO, such as the RENAMO Military Junta, and the so-called group Al-Shabab.

Supported by the international coalition led by the United States, Kurdish Peshmerga forces, and various militia groups, the Iraqi government is involved in a non-international armed conflict against the Islamic State group and associated groups. In addition, the non-international armed conflict between Turkey and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party in Turkey extends into northern Iraq.

There are multiple and overlapping non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) occurring in Syria. The Syrian Government and its allies are involved in NIACs against several rebel groups (including the Syrian National Army, Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham, the Islamic State group, the Syrian Democratic Forces and other smaller armed rebels). There are also parallel NIACs between those armed groups operating in the territory. Finally, multiple NIACs are taking place between foreign state forces and armed groups in the territory: two parallel NIACs between the US-led coalition on the one hand, and the Islamic State and Al-Qaeda on the other hand; two NIACs between Turkey and respectively the Islamic State and Kurdish militia and, finally, a NIAC between Israel and Hezbollah.

Currently there is a non-international armed conflict in Turkey between the Turkish armed and security forces and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), which had lasted with some interruption from the 1980s until 2013 resumed in July 2015.

Ukrainian armed forces are involved in non-international armed conflicts with the self-proclaimed ‘People’s Republics’ of Donetsk and Luhansk in eastern Ukraine.

Afghanistan has been affected by conflicts for decades. Supported by the United States, the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) had fought against the Taliban and the Khorasan province branch of the Islamic State group (IS-KP). In August 2021, following the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan, the Taliban have rapidly taken control of most of the country, Kabul included, and became the effective government of Afghanistan. Accordingly, currently the Taliban government is engaging in two parallel NIACs: one against the National Resistance Front (loyal to the former government) and the other against the IS-KP.

India is involved in a non-international armed conflict against the Communist Party of India – Maoist (this group is also frequently referred to as the Naxalites).

There are currently multiple non-international armed conflicts in Myanmar between the Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) and several Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs).

The Government of the Philippines is involved in multiple non-international armed conflicts in Mindanao against the Moro National Liberation Front and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters, the Maute Group and the Abu Sayyaf Group. Furthermore, the Philippine Armed Forces are engaged in a non-international armed conflict against the New People’s Army.

The Government of Thailand was involved in a non-international armed conflict against the Barisan Revolusi Nasional Coordinate (BRN).

The Government of Mexico is involved in two parallel non-international armed conflicts against at least the Cartel Jalisco Nueva Generación (CJNG, Jalisco Cartel New Generation) and the Sinaloa Cartel. Furthermore, violence between the Sinaloa Cartel and the CJNG amounts to a non-international armed conflict.

Colombia has experienced one of the longest non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) in modern times. Notably, the Government of Colombia is still involved in parallel NIACs against the Ejército de Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Army) (ELN) and the FARC-EP dissident group (Bloque Oriental (Eastern Bloc)). Furthermore, there is an ongoing NIAC between ELN and the Gaitanista Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AGC).

• Training of Military Personnel on the Protection of Cultural Heritage

• Demobilization of Child Soldiers
• Agreements Accounting for Missing Persons and the Dead

• Demining Action
• Treatment of the Dead

• Medical Treatment for Wounded Combatants
• Identification of Human Remains

• Demobilization of Child Soldiers

• Release of Prisoners

• IHL Training for Organized Armed Groups and Malian Armed Forces
• France’s Operation Serval, Minimizing Civilian Casualties

• Assistance to IDPs

• Treatment and Release of Detainees

• Prohibiting the Use of Child Soldiers

• Towards Demobilizations Release and Repatriation
• Release of Child Soldiers

• Ending and Preventing the Use of Child Soldiers
• Release of Prisoners of War

• ICRC Visits to Detainees
• Humanitarian Assistance Delivered in South Libya
• IHL Dissemination amongst Non-State Armed Groups
• Canada’s Operation Mobile and the Principles of Proportionality and Precautions in Attack
• Protection of Cultural Heritage
• Removing Mines and Securing Explosive Remnants of War
• A Step Forward on the Identification of Dead Bodies and Missing Persons

• Neutralization and Removal of Landmines
• Release of Detainees by Non-State Armed Groups
• Release of Child Soldiers

• Release and Demobilization of Child Soldiers
• Commitment of Non-State Armed Groups against Anti-Personnel Landmines and South Sudan’s Ratification of the Ottawa Convention
• Humanitarian Relief and Assistance

• Repatriation of Prisoners of War

• AMISOM Takes Steps to Enhance Protection for Civilians
• AMISOM’s Indirect Fire Policy
• Training in International Humanitarian Law

• Exchange Agreement and Release of Detainees

• Clarifying the Fate of Missing Persons
• Demining Activities

• Identification of Missing Persons
• IHL Dissemination and the Role of Legal Advisors

• Repatriation of Cultural Property

• Training the Military and Civilians on the Rules of Armed Conflicts

• Repatriation of Artifacts

• Cooperation in the Search for and Repatriation of Mortal Remains after the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)
• Peshmerga Forces’ First Code of Conduct
• IHL Training involving Kurdish Armed Groups
• Availability of Legal Advisors
• Reform in Iraqi Detention Facilities Leads to Family Visitation to Detainees in Camp Bucca
• Computer Modelling in Collateral Damage Estimates and Choice of Weapons

• Medical Treatment and Care of Wounded Soldiers during the Persian Gulf War
• Clarifying the Fate of Missing Persons

• Cooperation in the Search for and Repatriation of Mortal Remains after the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

• Implementation of a Civilian Casualty Tracking Cell
• Tactical Directive on the Employment of Force

• IHL Dissemination in Schools

• Child Soldiers Discharged from Military Service
• Government Releases Rebels from Detention
• Supreme Court Rulings on Enforced Disappearances
• Government Releases Rebels from Detention

• Government Campaign to Address Landmines

• Release of Child Soldiers
• Treatment and Release of Detainees
• Commitment of Non-State Armed Groups against Anti-Personnel Landmines

• Evacuation of the Wounded and Sick
• Demining Action